16-a-hydroxyestriol: One of three major endogenous estrogens; tested to pursue the hypothesis about the sex-specific lifespan benefit induced by 17-a-estradiol which increases median survival by 20% in males only. Also known as 16-a-hydroxyestradiol. [Wikipedia article]

17-a-estradiol: An isomer of 17-b-estradiol that has reduced affinity for the estrogen nuclear receptor; 17-a-estradiol was tested to determine if it would recapitulate the protective effects of 17-b-estradiol and increase lifespan. [Wikipedia article]

17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin hydrochloride: Inhibits heat shock protein 90 (HSP90).

2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole: A compound which acts as a multi-site proton acceptor as well as a proton donor, in addition to forming a strong intramolecular hydrogen bond.

2,4-dinitrophenol: A compound that may mimic the potential benefit of leakage of protons across mitochondria, bypassing ATP synthase, reducing free radical production. [Wikipedia article]

3-(3-hydroxybenzyl)-5-methylbenzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-one: Is a pro-inflammatory cytokine (macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF)) antagonist proposed to decrease chronic inflammation and disease.

4-OH-a-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone: Is the 4-hydroxy derivative and principal metabolite of a-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN), a commonly used free radical spin trap; PBN has reported pharmacologic activities in stroke and cancer.

4-phenylbutyrate: Increases lifespan in flies and has major benefits in mouse models of neurodegenerative disease; reduces inflammation due to aging.

acarbose: An anti-diabetes drug that inhibits α-glucosidase, slowing carbohydrate breakdown. It was anticipated that it might act as a caloric restriction mimetic. [Wikipedia article]

a-Ketoglutarate: This compound is thought to act through increased production of NAD, and thence through sirtuin-mediated enhancement of peroxisome biogenesis and function, including increased beta-oxidation of fatty acids (reported to extend lifespan in C. elegans). [Wikipedia article]

aspirin: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain, fever, or inflammation. [Wikipedia article]

astaxanthin: Naturally occurring xanthophyll carotenoid that is an efficient Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) activator with potent anti-oxidant activity. [Wikipedia article]

b-guanidinopropionic acid: Lowers both blood glucose and blood insulin. [Wikipedia article]

caffeic acid phenethyl ester: A compound reported to possess anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immuno-modulatory capabilities, as well as specific toxicity to transformed and tumor cells. [Wikipedia article]

canagliflozin: An FDA-approved diabetes drug that acts primarily by inhibition of the sodium glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2); can greatly reduce the risk of progression to kidney failure as well as the risk of cardiovascular events. [Wikipedia article]

candesartan cilexetil: An angiotensin-receptor blocker which lowers blood pressure and improves cardiovascular function and insulin sensitivity in obese, hypertensive individuals. [Wikipedia article]

captopril: An FDA-approved angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used for treatment of hypertension; reported to increase lifespan in C. elegans. [Wikipedia article]

curcumin: Is the principal curcuminoid of turmeric, sold as an herbal supplement. [Wikipedia article]

dimethyl fumarate: Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) stimulator which increases the production of mitochondria and reduces inflammation.

enalapril: A drug reported to improve hypertension, obesity, diabetes and congestive heart failure in aged humans and rodent models. [Wikipedia article]

fisetin: A senolytic compound that may play an important role in mediating the effects of senescent cells on the pathophysiology of aging. [Wikipedia article]

fish oil: A source of omega-3 fatty acids, which have anti-inflammatory properties and are thought to be protective for cardiovascular disease in some human studies. [Wikipedia article]

geranylgeranyl acetone: Induces heat shock protein (HSP70) in mammalian tissues; long-lived species, compared with related short-lived species within the same order, have elevated HSP levels.

glycine: An amino acid; dietary glycine can block methionine toxicity; excess glycine might depress methionine levels and thus mimic some of the benefits of a low methionine diet which has been reported to extend median and maximum lifespan in rats. [Wikipedia article]

green tea extract: Includes polyphenols extracted from green tea; has anti-oxidant properties where some constituents scavenge reactive oxygen species. [Wikipedia article]

Hydralazine: A compound that may affect molecular pathways associated with longevity (in C. elegans, it has been shown to extend lifespan by activating NRF2/SKN-1 signaling and by enhancing mitochondrial function via sirtuin activation). [Wikipedia article]

INT-767 FXR/TGR5 agonist: A bile acid analog which is a dual agonist of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the G protein-coupled receptor TGR5 which has been shown to affect energy metabolism, glucose homeostasis, bile composition/secretion, and inflammation.

inulin: A source of dietary fiber produced by many types of plants. [Wikipedia article]

L-Leucine: A branched chain amino acid reported to increase chronological lifespan in yeast and lengthen life in C. elegans and mice. [Wikipedia article]

meclizine: Has central anticholinergic actions and binds to mTOR and inhibits mTORC1. [Wikipedia article]

medium-chain triglyceride: A mixture of triglycerides composed of fatty acids with a chain length of 6-10 carbons; reported use for weight control. [Wikipedia article]

metformin: An anti-diabetes drug that increases response to insulin in tissues. [Wikipedia article]

metformin plus rapamycin: The combination of metformin and rapamycin tests the hypothesis that addition of metformin ameliorates some of the negative effects of rapamycin on glucose metabolism.

methylene blue: An agent that increases in vitro fibroblast lifespan and increases activity of mitochondria complex IV; reported to protect against oxidative damage. [Wikipedia article]

minocycline: Antibiotic in the same class as tetracycline and doxycycline. [Wikipedia article]

MitoQ: Small anti-oxidant molecule (also known as Coenzyme Q10) that accumulates in mitochondria in cultured cells and in vivo. [Wikipedia article]

mycophenolic acid: FDA-approved drug to retard organ transplant rejection; used to treat autoimmune diseases. [Wikipedia article]

Nebivolol: A compound that may be a candidate anti-mTOR geroprotective agent. [Wikipedia article]

nicotinamide riboside: Precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reported to improve liver function, protect against diabetic neuropathy, protect against high-fat diet induced obesity, promote oxidative metabolism. [Wikipedia article]

nitroflurbiprofen: Is a nitric oxide-releasing flurbiprofen derivative and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent.

nordihydroguaiaretic acid: A potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory molecule, NDGA was originally isolated from the creosote bush but is now chemically synthesized. [Wikipedia article]

oxaloacetic acid: An intermediary in oxidative metabolism such as gluconeogenesis, urea cycle, glyoxylate cycle, amino acid synthesis, fatty acid synthesis and citric acid cycle. [Wikipedia article]

PB125: A formulation consisting of rosemary extract, ashwagandha extract, and luteolin reported to produce activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2).

protandim: A mixture of five botanical extracts designed to activate the Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) transcription factor, which mediates responses to oxidative and other forms of stress. [Wikipedia article]

rapamycin: Represses the mTOR complex, a key nutrient sensing pathway impacting protein synthesis. [Wikipedia article]

rapamycin plus acarbose: The combination of rapamycin and acarbose allowed testing varying interpretations of the sex‐specific effects of ACA on survival.

resveratrol: A natural phenol and phytoalexin produced by several plants in response to injury; examples are skin of grapes, blueberries, raspberries, mulberries. [Wikipedia article]

(R/S)-1,3-butanediol: A ketogenic dietary supplement reported to increase survival and attenuate pathological as well as other age-associated traits and to ameliorate aging phenotypes of the brain and heart. [Wikipedia article]

SG1002: Slowly releases hydrogen sulfide which has numerous beneficial biological effects, including lifespan extension in C. elegans.

simvastatin: A lipid-lowering medication. [Wikipedia article]

Sodium thiosulfate: A compound implicated in the internal production of hydrogen sulfide as a potential mediator of lifespan extension and stress resistance in several mouse models of calorie and amino acid restriction (hydrogen sulfide can also extend the lifespan of C. elegans). [Wikipedia article]

sulindac: An FDA-approved Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) with reported ability to initiate a preconditioning response that protects against oxidative damage; shown to protect against cardiac and brain ischemia-reperfusion damage and retinal epithelial cell degeneration. [Wikipedia article]

syringaresinol: A component of the ginseng berry reported to extend lifespan of C. elegans and Drosophila; appears to act through FOXO3/sirtuin dependent mechanisms in C. elegans and inhibition of IGF-1 signaling in mammals. [Wikipedia article]

TM5441: An inhibitor of PAI-1, the primary inhibitor of tissue and urokinase plasminogen activators.

ursodeoxycholic acid: Bile acids, including UDCA, are products of cholesterol catabolism that activate xenobiotic detoxification pathways and are involved in regulation of lipid, glucose and energy metabolism. [Wikipedia article]

ursolic acid: Present in many plants; reported to decrease d-galactose-induced neurotoxicity in mice; inhibit cognitive impairment induced by a high-fat diet; increase skeletal muscle mass and function while improving glucose tolerance and reducing obesity. [Wikipedia article]